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Born February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy, Galileo improved the telescope in 1609 to reveal Jupiter's four largest moons, Venus's phases, Moon craters, sunspots, and Saturn's rings. These observations supported the Sun-centered solar system model, challenging Earth-centered views and drawing conflict with the Catholic Church. Convicted of heresy in 1633 for his 'Dialogue' book, he recanted and lived under house arrest in a comfortable villa until his death in 1642, continuing research despite blindness. In 1992, Pope John Paul II acknowledged the Church's mishandling, and Galileo's emphasis on evidence and math still inspires today